Transplantation of human iPSC-derived microglia ameliorates neuropathology and circuit dysfunction in progranulin-deficient mice

Abstract Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a major cause of early-onset neurodegeneration characterized by progressive behavioral, emotional, and cognitive decline. Progranulin haploinsufficiency, a leading genetic cause of familial FTD, disrupts lysosomal function, lipid metabolism, autophagy, and neuroimmune signaling across multiple cell types. Increasing evidence indicates that microglia are particularly sensitive to progranulin loss, exhibiting elevated complement activation that contributes to TDP-43 proteinopathy and neuronal dysfunction. Here, we investigate the biological role of restoring progranulin exclusively within microglia by transplanting human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglial progenitors into progranulin ( Grn)-deficient mice. We find that engraftment of wild-type, but not Grn -deficient, human microglia restore brain-wide progranulin levels, normalize microglial transcriptional states, and ameliorate pathological, functional, and behavioral phenotypes associated with progranulin loss. Because human microglia are the only source of progranulin in this system, these findings demonstrate that microglial progranulin is sufficient to restore key aspects of cellular, circuit, and behavioral homeostasis in a progranulin-deficient FTD model. More broadly, this work highlights a central, microglia-intrinsic role for progranulin in maintaining brain function and provides a framework for dissecting microglia-specific mechanisms across FTD and related neurodegenerative disorders.