Field-Based Yield Gap Analysis of Basmati Rice: A Case Study of Two Districts in Central Punjab, Pakistan

Understanding the yield gaps in rice-based farming systems is crucial for achieving food security. Pakistan is the 11th largest rice producer, and rice contributes 0.7 percent to the country’s GDP. The country faces a yield gap across farms and rice-producing districts, with actual yields falling short of potential yields. This study assesses the productivity and yield differences in paddy rice farming in selected districts of Central Punjab. Two major rice-producing districts, Gujranwala and Sheikhupura, were randomly selected for analysis. This study finds significant yield gaps in rice production across the selected districts. On average, the combined yield gap is 31 percent, rising to 36 percent for Basmati rice. At the district level, Gujranwala records a total yield gap slightly lower than that of Sheikhupura. For Basmati rice, the gaps are even higher for both districts. These results highlight significant potential for productivity gains, underscoring the importance of reducing inefficiencies in rice farming systems. The exploitable yield gap was calculated by comparing the yield of the top 10 percent of farmers with the population average using the top-decile approach, also known as on-farm yield potential. The study identifies the importance of farm extension services in limiting the yield gap. Policymaking should focus on improving the relationship between farm extension agents and farmers and on ensuring the timely, affordable availability of necessary resources.