Dietary Probiotics Modulate Oxidative Stress, Metabolic Status, and Immune-Related Gene Expression in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Malathion

Simple Summary This study investigated whether probiotic supplementation to the diet of Nile tilapia could mitigate the toxic effect of malathion and improve the overall health status of the fish. The results showed that exposure to malathion caused severe stress, organ damage, and immune system dysfunction. Conversely, probiotic supplementation reduced mortality, restored metabolic and hepatorenal function, enhanced antioxidant defense, and improved immune regulation and physiological resilience. Collectively, probiotic supplementation effectively mitigates malathion-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia through the coordinated modulation of oxidative stress, metabolic function, and immune responses.