A socio-technical analysis of barriers to effective emergency response systems in facilities: evidence from Ghana

Effective emergency response systems are vital for minimising harm during crises in facilities. However, many organisations continue to face persistent barriers that hinder their ability to respond effectively. Despite existing efforts, these barriers remain insufficiently explored in a structured and analytical manner. Therefore, this study aims to explore the key barriers affecting emergency response systems in facilities. This research used a quantitative, positivist paradigm to evaluate emergency response infrastructure in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. A total of 225 professionals, including facility managers, engineers, architects, building inspectors and National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO) officers, were purposively selected from 43 districts and surveyed using structured questionnaires. The data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The study uncovered nine critical barriers to implementing modern emergency infrastructure, accounting for one component, named “socio-technical barriers to emergency response”. The extracted factors include ineffective building by-laws, lack of consideration for social, cultural and religious norms in designing emergency response systems, limited funding, political interference, vulnerability to natural disasters, lack of knowledge or capacity, institutional weaknesses, rapid urbanisation and lack of capacity building. The findings guide policymakers, facility managers and emergency agencies to address barriers such as weak building by-laws, limited resources and capacity gaps, improving emergency preparedness and response in facilities. This study pinpoints socio-technical insights into emergency response barriers, contributing to disaster risk management knowledge, informing policy and supporting operational improvements.