Relationship between the type of visual impairment and balance among adults in Jakarta, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

This study aimed to examine the relationship between the type of visual impairment (TOVI) and balance in individuals with visual impairment, using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). This cross-sectional study included 63 participants. Participants completed a questionnaire to collect demographic information and determine the type of visual impairment (TOVI). Inclusion criteria were individuals diagnosed with low vision or blindness, having no neuromuscular disorders, and willing to participate. Participants completed a questionnaire to collect demographic data and determine TOVI (low vision or blindness), followed by a balance assessment using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Statistical comparisons were conducted to examine the relationship between TOVI and BBS scores, including other variables such as sex, age, onset of VI, and history of falls (HOF). Significant associations were found between TOVI and age (p = 0.017), HOF (p < 0.001), and injury due to falls (p = 0.003). Individuals with blindness had significantly lower BBS scores than those with low vision (p < 0.001). Among the 34 participants with HOF, 23 were blind, indicating a notably higher incidence of falls. Regression analysis showed a moderate correlation between TOVI and BBS scores (r = 0.503, p < 0.001), suggesting that a greater severity of VI was associated with reduced balance. These findings suggest a moderate correlation between visual impairment and balance. Therefore, individuals with visual impairment should be mindful of their balance abilities during daily activities to minimise the risk of falls.