Performance and emission analysis of spark ignition engine powered by premium gasoline-ethanol blends with partial addition of amyl alcohol, iso-butanol and hydrogen

The depletion of fossil fuels is one of the major challenges in front of all countries. Many countries already blended ethanol up to 20% in gasoline. In the current experimental investigations, the performance and emission characteristics of spark ignition engine is analyzed fueled with partial addition amyl alcohol, isobutanol and hydrogen enrichment as compared to premium gasoline (PG). The PG-ethanol blends were prepared with partial addition of amyl alcohol, isobutanol (10% by vol.). The engine testing was carried out at constant engine speed (2500 rpm) and hydrogen enrichment. It was observed that there was improvement in BTE by 2.7% and 1.7% with partial addition of isobutonol and amyl alcohol respectively as compared to PG. The BTE of PG10H2 (33.4%) were found to maximum among all tested fuel blends and was 3.6% greater than PG. When compared to PG, the inclusion of E and AA raises peak cylinder pressure and slightly advances the pressure rise, indicating enhanced combustion intensity and faster heat release. It was observed that PG emits the most CO at about 3.3 g kWh−1, but blending with ethanol gradually reduces CO to around 3.2 g kWh−1, 2.85 g kWh−1, and 2.65 g/. There was reduction in CO emission by 3%, 13.6% and 19.6% with addition 20%, 40% and 60% of ethanol content as compared to PG. HC reduces to around 0.088 g kWh−1 (12% reduction) for PG20E, 0.075 g kWh−1 (25% reduction) for PG40E, and 0.060 g kWh−1 (40% reduction) for PG60E when ethanol is added. Blending with ethanol reduces NOx levels to around 8.6 g kWh−1 (≈3.4% reduction) for PG20E, 8.4 g kWh−1 (≈5.6%) for PG40E, and 8.2 g kWh−1 (≈7.9%) for PG60E. Amyl alcohol blends result in a significant drop, with PG10AA showing around 6.4 g kWh−1 (≈28% reduction), followed by 6.1 g kWh−1 (≈31% reduction), 5.9 g kWh−1 (≈34%), and 5.7 g kWh−1 (≈36%) for PG20E10AA, PG40E10AA, and PG60E10AA, respectively. Based on current investigations, PG20E blends showed comparative results to PG.