The histopathological spectrum of laryngeal epithelial neoplasia

Summary The larynx may harbour a wide spectrum of benign, precursor, and malignant lesions. While benign entities predominate, malignant tumours – most commonly keratinising squamous cell carcinoma – pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to their histologic and biological heterogeneity. Accurate histopathological evaluation is therefore essential for appropriate classification, prognostication, and optimal clinical management of laryngeal neoplasms. This review outlines the principal pathological features of laryngeal precursor lesions and malignant neoplasms, with emphasis on conventional squamous cell carcinoma and its major variants. Key differential diagnostic considerations and prognostic implications are discussed, along with a brief overview of emerging biomarkers and immunotherapeutic strategies for advanced and recurrent disease.