Mode of Anesthesia During Cesarean Section and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality: A Cohort Study

Background The influence of obstetric anesthesia on neonates is still under investigation. We aimed to investigate the influence of type of anesthesia; either general anesthesia (GA) or spinal anesthesia (SA); during elective or emergency cesarean section (CS) on neonatal outcomes. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted and all neonatal admissions to the neonatal intensive care unit for mothers who underwent elective or emergency CS as the mode of delivery during the period from 2017 to 2021 were enrolled in the study. The primary outcome of the study was to investigate the difference between SA and GA. The enrolled cohort was divided into two groups: GA and SA groups. Results A total of 997 patients were included in the study cohort. Among these, 628 patients underwent CS under SA. On univariate analysis, it was revealed that SA was associated with better Apgar score (8.56 ± 0.04 vs 8.16 ± 0.05, P =0.0001), less incidence of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (35.5% vs 42.3%, P =0.02), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) (0.8% vs 13.6%, P =0.0001), and neonatal thrombocytopenia (12.4% vs 17.3%, P =0.021). Moreover, GA was linked to higher mortality rates (10.8% vs 4%, P =0.0001) and more birth depression (10.6% vs 4.3%, P =0.0001). On the other hand, GA was related to less incidence of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) (6.2% vs 12.6%, P =0.001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, mode of anesthesia was related to RDS, TTN, IVH, birth depression and neonatal death. Conclusion GA use may be related to more adverse and worse neonatal outcomes. This is related to the utilization of GA more frequently in higher-grade emergencies and is associated with more adverse baseline predictors including lower gestational age, lower birth weight, and greater obstetric complications. SA could offer a localized effect for the anesthetic drugs. Further prospective trials are needed to justify the risk of both types of anesthesia.