Current advances in Echovirus 11 research

Echovirus 11 (E11) has attracted considerable attention due to its strong association with a variety of severe human diseases. As a notable member of the Enterovirus genus, E11 is predominantly transmitted via the gastrointestinal tract and is capable of causing diverse clinical outcomes, including encephalitis, myocarditis, and neonatal sepsis. Recent advances in molecular biology have greatly enhanced our understanding of its genomic organization, pathogenic mechanisms, and epidemiological features. Nevertheless, despite ongoing progress in vaccine development and antiviral strategies, E11 infections remain a pressing global public health concern. This review summarizes the most recent advances in E11 research, with a focus on global outbreaks and epidemiology, viral genomics, life cycle, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic options, and animal models, with the aim of providing valuable insights for future studies and public health interventions.