Neurodiversität und Autismus

Neurodiversity and Autism - A Critical Examination of a Popular Concept Abstract: Neurodiversity refers to the natural diversity of human beings and thus emphasizes the natural range of differences between people. As simple, convincing, and popular as this assumption is, the interpretations, conclusions, and implications of this statement are just as varied. This article focuses on the scientific basis of the concept, on the one hand, and on autism and divergence, on the other. It outlines the implications regarding biological determinism, identity, and the effects on diagnosis and therapy, and examines and critically reflects on the demands arising from the concept. The author concludes that the claim of "neurological difference" posited in the context of neurodiversity - which asserts a fundamental, innate distinctiveness and, at the same time, a specific mode of functioning, as well as the determination of a person´s identity by these factors - has not been sufficiently substantiated by empirical research. Clinical evidence regarding the etiology, heterogeneity, course, and changeability of the diagnoses encompassed by this concept is not compatible with the assumed determinism regarding a person´s identity. Neurodiversity is an important approach to reducing stigmatization and promoting acceptance of difference, but diversity should not be limited by new stereotypes, and in-group-out-group processes are not helpful regarding acceptance, openness, and tolerance. Diagnoses instrumentalized in the sense of identity formation, stabilization, and justification for otherness do not imply an appreciative attitude toward those whose deficits, limited behavioral and developmental possibilities, suffering, and impairments are described by the diagnoses.