Which latitudes of the Russian Federation may be affected by extreme magnetic storms?

If we consider the auroral oval as an indicator of the electrojet position, the information about the position of its equatorial boundary allows us to predict the latitudes at which the most intense geomagnetic variations can be observed. These variations are the source of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs), which pose a threat to the stable operation of electric power systems. The Starkov-93 (S93) model, Auroral Precipitation Model (APM), and OVATION Prime (OP) model are widely used to estimate the possible minimum latitude of the oval. However, the databases with the aid of which these models were built did not contain rare extreme magnetic storms (|Dst|>400 nT). As a source of information on auroral latitudes during extreme storms, we employ the statistical model of the minimum latitude of the equatorial boundary of discrete auroras L2025, which is based on observational evidence. Extrapolation of the dependences of the oval’s equatorial boundary latitude on the storm intensity obtained by the S93 model and APM during extreme storms (|Dst|>400 nT) diverge from the predictions of the L2025 model. In the new version of APM (APM_GEO), the limitations to the magnetic activity level in the AL and Dst indices were removed, which makes it possible to estimate the location of the precipitation boundary during super substorms and extreme storms. To compare the OP model with APM_GEO, we have examined the dynamics of the auroral oval during the May 10–11, 2024 magnetic storm and have constructed maps of the position of the oval equatorial boundaries for different storm phases for the territory of the Russian Federation. As revealed from the comparison with APM_GEO, the OP model driven by interplanetary medium parameters significantly underestimates latiudinal shift of the oval. Since intense substorms during storms lead to a significant equatorial shift of the oval boundary, all large energy grids of the be affected by GICs not only during extreme, but also during strong magnetic storms in the presence of intense substorms against their background.