Revisiting the link between problematic smartphone use and cognitive functioning: Subjective complaints without objective impairment

Introduction: Problematic smartphone use (PSU) has been linked to impaired cognitive functioning, yet evidence for objective deficits remains inconsistent, and the mechanisms underlying subjective complaints are unclear. This study examined whether PSU in young adults is associated with reduced cognitive efficiency and whether objective test results align with self-reported functioning. Relationships between PSU and cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics were also explored. Methods: The cross-sectional mixed-method study included 326 university students. Phase 1 involved questionnaires assessing cognitive failures, stress, anxiety, mood, sleep, and everyday task engagement (flow), as well as smartphone use patterns and self-regulation strategies. In Phase 2, a subset of 50 low- and high-risk PSU participants completed interviews and cognitive tests measuring attention, working memory, set-shifting, inhibition, and multitasking. Results: Higher PSU was associated with more frequent cognitive complaints, emotional distress, anxiety, sleep disturbances, and lower engagement, but not with objectively measured cognitive deficits. Only multitasking errors were more frequent in the high-risk group. High-PSU participants reported weaker self-regulation, greater distractibility, and maladaptive social media use. Discussion: Higher PSU risk was associated primarily with motivational and emotional difficulties rather than with objective cognitive decline. Future research on PSU should account for individual characteristics and social influences.