Courtship feeding during incubation in Florida Grasshopper Sparrows ( Ammodramus savannarum floridanus )

New World sparrows (Passerellidae) are often secretive, and observations of behavior at their nest sites are limited. We documented courtship feeding during incubation (incubation feeding) in a secretive, endangered subspecies, the Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus). Successful incubation feeding occurs in a breeding pair of sparrows when the male brings food items to the nest site and passes food directly to the female, who is actively incubating eggs. We reviewed 740 h of nest camera footage across 26 breeding pairs of Florida Grasshopper Sparrows from 2022 –2024 at Three Lakes Wildlife Management Area (Osceola County, Florida, USA). We observed incubation feeding attempts at 20 of 29 nests (55 total attempts, 40 of which were successful), suggesting that male provisioning of incubating females is present, though infrequent, in this population. Most unsuccessful feeding attempts were due to female absence from the nest site (n =12). The low rates of incubation feeding suggest that females do not rely on males for supplying nutrition during incubation; rather, incubation feeding likely reinforces pair bonds. Our observations of incubation feeding behaviors for this endangered subspecies provide a baseline for future studies on how social interactions influence other reproductive behaviors and fitness.