Magnesium as an endocrine modulator: physiological roles, clinical evidence, and therapeutic perspectives.

CONTEXT: Magnesium deficiency is prevalent and increasingly recognized as an endocrine-relevant condition due to its involvement in hormone secretion, metabolic homeostasis, and cellular signaling. OBJECTIVE: To review current evidence on the role of magnesium in key endocrine systems and evaluate its clinical and therapeutic implications. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Magnesium influences glucose metabolism, bone health, thyroid function, reproduction, cardiometabolic regulation, and HPA axis activity. Clinical evidence shows strong associations between magnesium status and several endocrine diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Magnesium plays a multifaceted endocrine role with clinically significant implications. Improved diagnostic approaches and further interventional studies are warranted.