Key drivers of livestock vaccination adoption and refusal: a case Study in Central Java, Yogyakarta, and South Sulawesi, Indonesia

This qualitative study investigates the key factors influencing vaccine adoption and refusal among livestock farmers in Central Java, Yogyakarta and South Sulawesi, Indonesia, regions affected by significant livestock disease outbreaks. Using a Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach, the study incorporated focus group discussions and mapping methods to identify the regional drivers of vaccine acceptance and resistance. In South Sulawesi, vaccine acceptance is influenced by psychological perceptions, information dissemination, and supportive policies. However, vaccine refusal is primarily driven by disinformation, skepticism, and logistical challenges. In Central Java, psychological concerns, disinformation, and policy gaps, such as inadequate compensation, hinder vaccine adoption, while insufficient socialization further exacerbates vaccine refusal. In Yogyakarta, positive psychological and sociological factors encourage vaccine acceptance, but disinformation and the lack of compensation policies remain significant barriers to wider vaccination uptake. The study highlights the importance of addressing psychological barriers, countering disinformation, and strengthening social trust through local networks and authorities to improve vaccine adoption. In addition, the implementation of policies offering compensation and insurance is important to overcoming logistical and cultural challenges related to vaccination. This study provides a foundation for future quantitative research, examining critical factors that influence vaccine adoption and refusal among livestock farmers in Indonesia.