Dengue in a warming world: changing epidemiology, vaccines, and therapeutic developments.

INTRODUCTION Dengue has emerged as the most widespread and rapidly increasing vector-borne disease globally and is currently a global public health threat. Geographical, environmental, host and/or vector-specific factors can act as drivers of dengue epidemics globally.

AREAS COVERED The current dengue virus distribution and the geographical expansion of competent Aedes spp. vectors are reviewed. Recent advances in vaccine development and novel treatment options under evaluation are highlighted, including novel antivirals and monoclonal antibodies.

EXPERT OPINION Climate change and human-related factors are driving the global expansion of dengue risk, including in temperate regions. While licensed vaccines offer new prevention opportunities, limitations remain, especially for vulnerable populations. Continued research into effective antivirals and innovative vaccines is critical. A multidisciplinary approach integrating vector control, vaccination, and emerging therapies is essential to address the growing dengue burden in a warming world.