Socioeconomic and Environmental Determinants of Child Growth: Evidence From the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017–2018

INTRODUCTION: Child growth is a critical indicator of population health and human development. In many low- and middle-income countries, children continue to experience growth faltering due to socioeconomic inequalities and environmental constraints. This study examines the socioeconomic and environmental determinants of child growth outcomes in Pakistan using nationally representative data from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2017-2018. METHODS: A quantitative cross-sectional analysis was conducted on children aged 0-59 months with available anthropometric measurements. Child growth was assessed using height-for-age (stunting), weight-for-age (underweight), and weight-for-height (wasting) indicators based on standards of the World Health Organization. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression models were applied to identify significant determinants of growth outcomes. RESULTS: The results indicate that approximately 37%-40% of children in Pakistan suffer from stunting, while about 23% are underweight and 8% experience wasting. Household wealth, maternal education, sanitation facilities, and access to safe drinking water significantly influence child growth outcomes. Children from poorer households and those whose mothers have no formal education are more likely to experience growth deficiencies. Environmental conditions such as unimproved sanitation and lack of safe water also increase the likelihood of undernutrition. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the importance of addressing socioeconomic inequalities and environmental health conditions to improve child growth outcomes in Pakistan. Policy interventions aimed at poverty reduction, maternal education, and improved water and sanitation infrastructure may significantly contribute to better child health and development.