Green Synthesized Nanoparticle as a Promising Approach in Diabetes Management: A Review

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease of the carbohydrates that is Characterized by a reduced ability of the body to either produce or respond to insulin. The management of diabetes is a worldwide health challenge, and current treatment options for the condition include insulin therapy and different antidiabetic medications. However, these therapies often have limited effectiveness, high costs, and potential side effects. Nanotechnology has emerged in past few decades as a promising technique for many biomedical applications. Nanoparticle possess some unique properties such as small size, large pore volume and ability to penetrate cell membrane. Green synthesized nanoparticles are widely used for treatment of diabetes mellitus. Numerous studies report on use of plant/plant parts to synthesize various nanoparticle with significant antidiabetic activities. The plant/plant extract contains several Primary and Secondary metabolites like flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, saponins, tannins, terpenoids which can act as reducing as well as capping agents. This review highlights the antidiabetic effects of various nanoparticles, including silver, gold, zinc oxide, copper, and titanium oxide, which are synthesized using different plant materials or plant parts. It also summarizes numerous scientific studies that have assessed the antidiabetic properties of these nanoparticles through both in vitro and in vivo evaluations. In vitro assessments involved tests such as alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibition, glucose uptake, and glucose diffusion. Meanwhile, in vivo studies focused on parameters such as body weight, blood glucose tolerance, blood glucose levels, serum insulin levels, HbA1c, lipid profiles, and markers of liver and kidney function in diabetic animal models. The results suggest that green-synthesized nanoparticles have a positive impact on several of these indicators. Thus, it can be concluded that these nanoparticles show potential as therapeutic agents in managing diabetes.