Planning process models and planning theory approaches

This article examines the relevance of planning process models in the context of different planning theory approaches and their practical application. Based on a theoretical analysis of classical and contemporary models as well as six prominent planning theories, the role of process models is analysed in a differentiated way. A nationwide online survey of municipal planning practitioners supplements the theoretical considerations with empirical evidence. The analysis shows: Despite theoretical criticism and growing indifference towards linear phase models in more recent approaches, e.g. strategic or communicative planning, there is still a high level of acceptance of such models in practice. Differentiated modifications depending on the theoretical orientation are noticeable, particularly with regard to the sequence and summarisation of individual phases. The results point to a pragmatic understanding of the model that combines elements of rational planning with more flexible approaches. The classic linear model with feedback loops still appears to be helpful as a cognitive organising scheme, even for practitioners who do not explicitly rely on corresponding theories. The study concludes with a proposal for a modified, seven-part phase model and perspectives for further development.