A Blockchain‐Less Traceability System for Agriculture Using DAG, IPFS, and Serverless Deployments

Ensuring transparency and integrity in agricultural data management is a critical challenge as the sector increasingly relies on advanced technologies. The primary problem is maintaining data traceability and security throughout the supply chain. In this paper, we explore the use of directed acyclic graph (DAG) technology to address these challenges in agricultural environments. We have implemented the corresponding software to test the following three DAG‐based data storage and traceability scenarios: serverless, utilizing the interplanetary file system (IPFS), and a centralized server for data storage and transaction validation. Our results demonstrate that DAG and PoA ensure fast and secure transaction validation, crucial to maintaining trust and efficiency in the agricultural supply chain. We find that each scenario presents unique strengths and limitations, suggesting that a hybrid approach may offer the most robust solution for agricultural data management.