Сhronic stress as a risk factor for dyslipidemia, cardiovascular disease, and arterial hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of alternative interventions

Chronic psychosocial stress, dietary patterns, and physical activity levels are important modifiable factors of cardiovascular risk. Their influence is mediated through behavioral, neuroendocrine, metabolic, and psychophysiological mechanisms. The aim of this review was to systematize data on the relationship between stress, dietary patterns, physical activity, and cardiovascular risk based on a predefined literature. The analysis was based on 15 publications, including meta-analyses, systematic reviews, clinical trials, and conceptual papers on stress, hypertension, diet, cardiorespiratory fitness, mindfulness, as well as relaxation interventions. Chronic stress has been shown to be associated with a higher risk of hypertension, while social support, mindfulness-based interventions, the Mediterranean diet, soluble fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, and physical activity have been associated with a more favorable cardiometabolic profile. The integration of psychological and nutritional interventions, along with physical activity, may be considered a promising strategy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.