Instantaneous project controls as a source of innovation in design and construction: Exploring cumulative and transformative changes in complex systems development

Construction relies on rapid, reliable information sharing among distributed teams to enable project success. This article presents an empirical exploration of eleven organizations that serve as early adopters of advanced information technologies for instantaneous, i.e., real-time or near real-time, project controls and reporting capabilities. The study employed a grounded theory approach, in which analyses informed subsequent steps. Constructs were coded from the transcription of interviews with corporate managers affiliated with owner, contractor, software developer, and manufacturing organizations. Contextual and processual findings were leveraged to support a theoretical model that captured the changes and implementation steps for successful technology diffusion. The study also defined the drivers that demand and justify an instantaneous or frequent reporting capability in the design and construction sector. Results offer actionable insights. Organizations can more effectively adopt advanced project controls by proactively planning and embracing necessary organizational changes. Researchers should consider both contextual and processual factors to support effective exploration of technology integration in construction.