Management of Periodontal Disease Using Green Synthesized Nanomaterial: An Overview

Background Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting supporting tissues that can result in tooth loss. Traditional therapies, such as scaling, flap surgery, and antibiotics, have limitations. Green nanoparticles from plants have been studied as a potential solution using nanotechnology. Main body This study explores the classification, method of synthesis, mechanisms of action, characterization techniques, and application of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are microscopic particles with dimensions typically less than 100 nm. Nanoparticles are created using both top-down and bottom-up techniques. Nanoparticles can be organic (liposomes, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles), inorganic (metal, metal oxide, magnetic, calcium phosphate nanoparticles), or carbon-based (carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerenes). Nanoparticles break down bacterial cell membranes, stop biofilm formation, and improve drug absorption. The nanoparticles are evaluated using various characterization techniques, including dynamic light scattering, electron microscopy, drug loading measurements, in vitro drug release studies, and spectroscopic and diffraction methods. Nanoparticles are effective in treating periodontal disease owing to their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, targeted drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and immune system alteration properties. Conclusion Green nanotechnology offers eco-friendly, biocompatible, and efficient alternative therapies for periodontal therapy, addressing drug retention and its side effects. However, further investigation is needed to improve the composition and clinical applications of these products.