Bioactive Compound and Cytotoxic Analysis of Premna oblongifolia Merr. Ethanol Extract on Rat Bone Marrow-Derived MSC-like Cells

The use of natural products in regenerative medicine holds significant promise, especially in regions where traditional medicine is prevalent. This study investigates the bioactivity of the ethanol extract of green cincau leaves (Premna oblongifolia Merr.) (GCE) on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-like cells (BM-MSCs). The leaves were extracted using the maceration method, and the bioactive compounds were analysed and detected by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The cytotoxicity tests were conducted across a concentration range of 1–1200 μg/mL using WST-1 reagent, and cell viability was measured at 24, 48, and 72 h. The results of GC-MS indicated 28 bioactive compounds with the dominant groups being terpenoids and fatty acids. The most abundant compounds in GCE were phytol (19.06%), squalene (4.32%), Urs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3-hydroxy-, methyl ester, (3.beta.)- (6.23%) and 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- (2.88%). The GCE maintained cell viability above 80% at all concentrations, indicating low cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Alizarin Red S staining revealed calcium deposit formation at 300 µg/mL, suggesting preliminary osteogenic activity. These findings suggest GCE may have potential for supporting BM-MSCs proliferation and demonstrates early osteogenic properties. Further investigation is recommended to explore its mechanism of action and therapeutic potential in differentiation applications.