π-omnichannel fresh food distribution through hyperconnected relay transportation networks during disruptive events

This paper addresses the reefer-carrier adoption and the omnichannel network design problem for fresh food shipped via π-transit hubs in an hyperconnected relay transportation network with disruption-aware capabilities. A mixed-integer quadratic programming model is developed to minimise the total supply network cost (TSNC), considering fresh produce losses and freshness-keeping effort levels. The model is solved using CPLEX for a case study inspired by India. The freshness-keeping effort index established in this study suggests that 85% of routes are to be deployed with reefer carriers to achieve overall cost optimality. Additionally, the impact of hub and route disruption on the TSNC and the impact severity ranking of their disruptions using risk exposure analysis is evaluated. Sensitivity analysis assessed the impact of demand, availability, logistics expenses, and freshness-keeping costs. The study provides actionable insights for managers and supports policies to reduce food loss and develop cold-chain infrastructure.