Development and Validation of the Needle Stick Injury Prevention Beliefs Scale (NSI-PBS) Based on the Health Belief Model (HBM)

Background Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are among the most frequent and preventable risks to healthcare workers. Behavioral models like the Health Belief Model (HBM) offer valuable insight into preventive behaviors, including those related to NSI. However, no validated tools currently exist to assess NSI-related beliefs using the HBM. Objective To develop and validate the NSI-Prevention Beliefs Scale (NSI-PBS), a tool grounded in the Health Belief Model (HBM), to examine nurses’ perception about NSI risk and prevention. Methods The study followed a structured scale development process, including literature review, expert validation, and a cross-sectional survey of 545 nurses was directed in July 2025. Psychometric evaluation involved exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA/CFA), as well as internal consistency testing, and measurement error assessment. Results EFA identified a six-factor solution aligned with HBM domains: “Susceptibility, Severity, Benefits, Barriers, Cues to Action, and Self-Efficacy”. CFA confirmed good model fit (CFI =0.926, TLI =0.914, RMSEA =0.063, SRMR =0.058). All subscales demonstrated strong reliability (α =0.81–0.93; ω =0.82–0.93). The final version of this scale produced 25 items and showed robust psychometric properties, theoretical coherence, clear factorial structure, and low measurement error. Conclusion This study contributes to literature by adding a new psychometrically sound and theory-based instrument for assessing NSI prevention beliefs among nurses. The NSI-PBS can be used to measure NSI-Prevention Beliefs in clinical settings and in designing training, risk profiling, and safety interventions for nursing staff and other healthcare workers.