An Updated Review on Extracts and Phytomolecules: The Management of Atherosclerosis from 2020-2024

Cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease, is characterized by cholesterol buildup and inflammation of the major arteries, which can ultimately result in myocardial infarction and stroke. Approximately 50% of all fatalities are caused by atherosclerosis; however, the illness has become more widespread, with more nations experiencing a comparable disease burden. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is most likely vital to the development of atherosclerotic plaques. Diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking are additional risk factors for atherosclerosis and its thrombotic consequences. The immune system may also play a part, according to mounting evidence, as clonal haemopoiesis and inflammation are emerging risk factors. Numerous inflammatory response-related signalling pathways are involved, including the NLRP3 inflammasome, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9, and Wnt signalling pathways. This study addresses plant extracts and phytomolecules used for atherosclerosis to prevent, delay, and reverse its course. The antioxidant, antiinflammation, anti-atherogenic, antihypertensive, and anti-thrombotic properties of herbal remedies are the principal manifestations of their anti-atherosclerotic potential. Additionally, the majority of medicinal herbs have multifaceted anti-atherosclerotic properties. Extracts of plants like Biancaea sappan, Premna integrifolia, Astragalus membranaceus, Apocynum venetum, Allium humile, Morus alba, Aquilaria sinensis, Panax notoginseng, Rubia yunnanensis, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Gynura procumbens, Cordyceps militaris, Ligustrum robustum, Capsicum baccatum, Agaricus blazei, Ganoderma lucidum and phytomolecules like Atorvastatin, Clematichinenoside AR, Dihydromyricetin, Melatonin, Kansuinine A, Punicalagin, Withaferin-A, Chrysin, Baicalin, Tyrosol, Citronellal, Emodin, Aucubin, and Calycosin reduce aspects of the disease. This review compiled these extracts and phytomolecules from 2020 to 2024.