Biocontrol potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen against Fusarium culmorum (Wm. G. Sm.) Sacc induced crown rot in wheat

Fusarium crown rot (FCR), caused by Fusarium culmorum, (Wm.G.Sm.) Sacc is a destructive wheat disease that severely affects root and crown tissues, leading to plant weakening, reduced grain yield, and significant economic losses. This study investigates the biocontrol potential of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex E.C. Hansen strains (Sc1, Sc2, Sc3) against F. culmorum (F19A isolate) through multiple antagonistic mechanisms. Direct confrontation assays revealed significant fungal growth inhibition, with Sc2 exhibiting the highest effect (57.53 %). Volatile compounds produced by S. cerevisiae further suppressed fungal expansion, with Sc1 demonstrating the strongest impact (49.6 %). Additionally, yeast treatments reduced conidial germination, with Sc3 achieving the highest inhibition rate (26.48 %). Beyond antifungal activity, S. cerevisiae strains enhanced wheat growth under pathogen stress by improving stem elongation, and root development. Enzymatic and biochemical analyses confirmed their ability to degrade fungal cell walls through chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activity. Additionally, they exhibited plant growth-promoting traits such as phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) synthesis. This eco-friendly approach could serve as an alternative to chemical fungicides, reducing environmental risks while improving crop resilience and productivity.