Variabilidad meteorológica y su impacto en las actividades agropecuarias de la Amazonía ecuatoriana en Pastaza (2011–2021)

The climatic variability observed in Pastaza Canton has significantly affected agricultural and livestock productivity, compromising local food security. This study aims to analyze how climatic variables influence the main crops and livestock production between 2011 and 2021. An applied, non-experimental, descriptive correlational, and cross-sectional methodology was used. Data were obtained from INAMHI meteorological records and the Public Agricultural Information System, considering variables such as mean temperature, total precipitation, relative humidity, and potential evaporation. Results showed that average monthly temperatures (20.63 ◦C–22.06 ◦C) were favorable for banana and cassava but below the optimal range for cocoa. Total precipitation reached 508.70 mm in May, causing waterlogging in coffee and sugarcane crops, whereas September (285.35 mm) showed water deficits. Relative humidity levels (85.00%–89.36%) increased fungal disease incidence and management costs, while potential evaporation (54.16 mm–89.57 mm) reduced soil moisture, affecting pineapple crops. In livestock systems, June and July presented favorable thermal conditions, and balanced evaporation in February maintained adequate pasture availability. Overall, banana and cassava exhibited greater adaptation to climatic variability, while cocoa, coffee, sugarcane, and pineapple showed productivity reductions associated with irregular rainfall and high humidity.