Current Trends in the Production of Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Alloys’ Castings Using External and Internal Influences

This review synthesises the state of the art in refining and homogenising metal-alloy structures through internal chemical modifications and external physical fields. The mechanisms, by which nanoparticles, rare-earth elements, and inoculants promote heterogeneous nucleation and control crystallisation dynamics, are analysed. The impact of mechanical oscillations, ultrasonic treatment, and electromagnetic fields on grain morphology, phase uniformity, and inclusion behaviour is evaluated. Particular attention is focused on the synergistic action of these methods to produce reinforced or composite-like microstructures with enhanced mechanical and functional performance. The review critically assesses existing knowledge and proposes a conceptual framework for further investigation of melt-processing strategies aimed at creating materials with tailored properties for advanced applications.