Seeming to belong: Camouflaging and pragmatic self-perception in twice-exceptional adults across neurodivergent profiles

Background and objective Social camouflaging and pragmatic self-perception are key aspects of communication in neurodivergent populations. However, little is known about how these processes manifest in adults with autism, high intellectual ability (HIA), or twice-exceptionality (2e: HIA + autism). This study aimed to examine group-based differences in communicative adaptation and perceived pragmatic competence across these profiles. Materials and methods A total of 109 Spanish-speaking adults participated. Social camouflaging was assessed using the Camouflaging Autistic Traits Questionnaire (CAT-Q), and pragmatic self-perception was measured with the Communicative Competence Profile (CCP). Statistical analyses explored differences across groups and by gender. Results Significant differences emerged in all CAT-Q dimensions. Autistic participants reported the highest levels of camouflaging, followed by the 2e group, while only the compensation subscale distinguished autism from 2e. Regarding pragmatic self-perception, the HIA group scored highest, suggesting stronger communicative confidence, whereas autistic adults scored lowest. The 2e profile consistently occupied an intermediate position, though closer to autism, especially in subtle pragmatic aspects. Gender effects were limited overall but more noticeable within the Autism group. Conclusions Findings reveal distinct patterns of social camouflaging and pragmatic self-perception across neurodivergent profiles. Twice-exceptional adults show intermediate but autism-leaning traits, underscoring the complexity of their communicative adaptation. Results emphasize the need for inclusive frameworks that account for diverse communication styles within neurodivergence.