Nature-based solutions for climate and health: mapping synergies and trade-offs

Nature-based solutions (NbS) are considered a promising approach to addressing the climate-health nexus by mitigating and adapting to climate change impacts. They also serve as a bridging concept that delivers multiple benefits for climate, biodiversity and human well-being, including health. However, evidence on how NbS affect people’s health and well-being remains scattered and has not been systematically reviewed. In this study, we explore synergies and trade-offs associated with NbS in the context of climate change and public health, based on a literature review. To explore the specific mechanisms through which NbS influence different public health dimensions, we utilise the UN climate change vulnerability framework. Our results show strong evidence that NbS can effectively mitigate climate change impacts, promote ecosystem resilience and improve human well-being by providing multiple benefits, such as enhanced biodiversity, improved air and water quality, increased food security and reduced urban heat island effects. However, trade-offs also exist, such as disruptions to local biodiversity and increased resource demands, which can lead to unintended negative consequences, like water scarcity and competition for land. We emphasise the importance of integrating NbS into policy frameworks with careful planning and considering their benefits and trade-offs to maximise gains for all communities. In conclusion, research on NbS provides strong evidence that they can be essential for addressing climate and health challenges, but implementation must consider local context and potential trade-offs to ensure long-term sustainability. Future research should examine long-term impacts and strengthen monitoring to better manage these trade-offs.