The impact of anthropogenic load on the composition and conservation of tree species in urban ecosystems

The article examines the impact of anthropogenic pressure on the species composition, viability, and degree of preservation of tree stands in urban ecosystems. The analysis was conducted in areas with varying levels of urbanization pressure, covering park areas, squares, street plantings, and green areas near residential and public buildings. The condition of trees was assessed through route-visual surveys, taxonomic measurements, phytoindication observations, and the determination of phytosanitary indicators. The results were summarized using statistical and comparative-analytical methods, in particular, the calculation of species diversity indices, indicators of ecological stability of plantings, and the level of damage to assimilation organs under the influence of dust and gaseous pollutants. It was established that the leading factors in the degradation of urban tree stands are transport emissions, soil compaction, and insufficient care in the most urbanized parts of the city. Species and breeds that are resistant to anthropogenic factors and sensitive to urban conditions have been identified, which justifies the need to optimize the structure of green plantings, taking into account their ecological tolerance and adaptive potential. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive assessment of the relationship between the level of anthropogenic pressure, the condition of tree stands, and biodiversity indicators in urban ecosystems. The practical significance of the results is determined by the possibility of their use for planning the sustainable development of urban greening, improving monitoring, and increasing the efficiency of green space management.