Venous Thromboembolism in Women and Gender-Diverse Populations: A Call for Specific and Inclusive Care.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) demonstrates important sex- and gender-related differences that affect risk, clinical presentation, and management. Women face unique risk factors, including pregnancy, postpartum, gynecologic malignancies, and estrogen-based therapies, while men have higher recurrence risk. Gender-affirming hormone therapy and anticoagulation-related heavy menstrual bleeding represent additional challenges, often overlooked in clinical trials. This article summarizes the most relevant sex- and gender-specific determinants of VTE, emphasizing the need for individualized and inclusive care strategies.