Selected phlebological abstracts

The authors evaluated Vitis vinifera seed extract (VVSE) to determine its effects on venous re fl ux. VVSE contains proanthocyanidins, which are fl avonoids that exhibit antioxidant and venoactive properties. The authors undertook a prospective, open-label, randomized controlled trial in adults with con fi rmed super fi cial or deep vein re fl ux. The comparison groups were VVSE + lifestyle changes versus lifestyle changes alone