Factors affecting the stability of orthodontic mini-implants. A review

In modern orthodontic practice, many different types of orthodontic mini-implants (MI) are used, which differ not only in their qualitative characteristics, such as shape, size, material, thread type, sterilization, and processing, but also in the technique and location of MI placement, which undoubtedly plays a role in achieving certain goals in the orthodontic treatment process. We found many studies on individual factors affecting the stability of MIs and the success of their use. However, there are very few publications reviewing all the factors described to date, and there are no publications drawing a final conclusion on this topic. Therefore, the aim of our systematic review was to analyze all currently available studies of factors affecting the stability and functionality of MI and to draw the most comprehensive conclusion on this topic. After careful analysis and selection for compliance with the inclusion criteria and the subject of the review, 50 publications were included in the systematic review. Conclusions. Gender and maxillary sinus perforation do not significantly affect MI stability. Age, physician experience, cortical plate thickness and cancellous bone density, jaw side, proximity of the tooth root to the MI, shape, length, diameter, and type of MI thread, MI surface treatment, installation torque, load force and time, installation site, and oral hygiene have a direct impact on the success of MI installation and functionality. No clear data was found on the influence of FI material, the use of self-tapping MI or a pre-drilling protocol, or the time of load application to the MI after its placement. Further research on these topics is needed to draw definitive conclusions.