Artificial intelligence-driven and eco-friendly innovations in orthodontics: a review of smart appliances and sustainable technologies

The modern orthodontic practice is slowly being influenced by artificial intelligence and innovations in sustainable materials. This narrative review synthesizes recent literature published between 2015 and 2025 retrieved from major electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, using predefined inclusion criteria focused on AI applications and environmentally sustainable orthodontic technologies. The review explores recent advances in AI-based diagnostic systems, treatment planning tools, and smart monitoring technologies, alongside eco-friendly orthodontic biomaterials and digital manufacturing, which can improve efficiency and outcomes, and means that treatments can be more precise and personalized. Predictive modelling and simulation enhance clear aligner precision, which will be made more effective through integration with patient-specific data, and make it more feasible to develop personalized treatment strategies at a level that could significantly improve patient satisfaction. One of the most promising aspects is the use of biodegradable polymers, recyclable alloys, and sustainable three-dimensional printing processes, which may dramatically reduce material waste and environmental burden. This is particularly significant for sustainable clinical practice. The implementation of AI and sustainable orthodontic technologies is a promising direction for delivering more precise, efficient, and environmentally friendly orthodontic care. However, most systems remain in experimental or early validation stages, and further clinical validation, standardized regulatory approval pathways, and long-term outcome studies are required before widespread routine adoption.