Environmental impact assessment in deep seabed mining: lessons from global best practices for the International Seabed Authority

This article examines the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) framework in the Draft Regulations on Exploitation developed by the International Seabed Authority (ISA), identifying deficiencies and constraints in promoting sustainable governance of the Area recognised as the ‘common heritage of mankind’. This study explores the legal foundations of EIA within the context of international law, focusing on customary international law, the precautionary principle, and the framework established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This paper reviews exemplary approaches to EIA by referencing international and regional best practices, specifically focusing on the EIA process, baseline studies, uncertainty, transparency, stakeholder engagement, public participation, and the precautionary approach as outlined in the Draft Regulations on Exploitation. This research suggests that insights gained from global practices may enhance the legitimacy, accountability, and environmental protections of the ISA, thereby facilitating a more coherent, equitable, and sustainable governance framework for deep seabed mining activities.