History of Surgical Disparities.

Surgical disparities-differences in access, quality, and workforce representation-are deeply rooted in historical and structural inequities shaped by social hierarchies, racism, and exclusionary institutional practices. Early surgical advancements often exploited marginalized populations under pseudoscientific rationales, embedding mistrust and unequal care. These legacies persist, resulting in poorer outcomes and underrepresentation of women and minorities in the surgical field. Traditional training rarely addresses these origins, risking misattribution of disparities to patient behavior. Embracing a historical lens enables surgeons to identify structural barriers, integrate social determinants into care, and advocate for systemic reforms, ultimately promoting equity for both patients and providers.