Evaluation of Indicators and Effects of Crop-Livestock Recycling Farming According to Certification Types of Hanwoo (Korean Cattle) Beef Farms

: This study evaluated crop-livestock recycling and carbon reduction across four Hanwoo (Korean cattle) farm types: organic, PGS-certified, grazing-based ecological live-stock farms, and conventional, based on surveys of 58 farms. Grazing-based ecological farm had the lowest baseline carbon emissions (4,994.3 kg CO 2 -eq), largest farmland (35.7 ha), and highest forage self-sufficiency (31.6%). Organic farms had the highest emissions (6,764.8 kg CO 2 -eq) but achieved the greatest reduction (15.3%) via organic feed and compost recycling. PGS-certified farms also demonstrated significant environmental benefits (6,284.8 kg CO 2 -eq; 13.6% reduction). No statistically significant differences were observed in nutrient use efficiency among certification types. Expanding farmland, improving compost recycling, and increasing on-farm feed effectively reduced nutrient surplus and carbon footprint. These results suggest that organic and PGS-certified systems can serve as economically and environmentally sustainable models if they integrate on-farm forage production from the grazing-based ecological livestock farms model.