UPLC–DAD Fingerprint Profiling and Chemometric Differentiation of Polyphenols in Avicennia officinalis and Avicennia marina From Vietnam

A fingerprinting approach was established for the characterization and discrimination of polyphenols in Avicennia species using high‐performance liquid chromatography combined with chemometric analysis. To ensure the quality control of Avicennia officinalis , an ultra‐performance liquid chromatography method coupled with a photodiode array detector was developed for the simultaneous quantification of twelve bioactive polyphenols and for chemical fingerprint profiling. The quantitative analysis demonstrated excellent linearity ( R 2  > 0.999) within the tested ranges, with recoveries between 81.29% and 113.25%. The limits of detection (0.030–1.200 μg/mL) and quantification (0.125–4.000 μg/mL) indicated high sensitivity of the method. To compare the UPLC fingerprints of Avicennia species from different origins, chemometric techniques including hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis were employed, enabling clear classification of A. officinalis and Avicennia marina samples according to their cultivation sites. Moreover, twelve compounds were identified as characteristic markers suitable for accurate discrimination and quality assessment of both species. Overall, the developed UPLC–DAD method proved to be simple, sensitive, and reliable for quantitative analysis, fingerprinting, and quality evaluation of A. officinalis and A. marina in Vietnam.