Selenium Biofortification: A Sustainable Strategy to Improve Crop Quality and Human Nutrition

For the best health of humans, animals, and plants, trace elements like selenium (Se) must be present in trace amounts. Due to poor availability of this element in soils, which reduces its concentration in crops, Se insufficiency affects vast populations worldwide despite its significance. The method of improving food crops' nutritional value, known as biofortification, has become a viable way to combat micronutrient malnutrition. The function of selenium biofortification as a strategy to enhance crop quality and human nutrition is examined in this review. This review synthesizes findings from studies published between 2009 and 2025, covering advances in selenium biofortification across different agroecological and nutritional contexts. In addition to the methods of Se absorption, transport, and metabolism in plants, it covers the forms, bioavailability, and natural occurrence of Se in soils. It also emphasizes how Se biofortification improves plant growth, antioxidant defense, and metabolite regulation, all of which increase productivity and stress tolerance. From a nutritional standpoint, Se-enriched foods are essential for enhancing immune function, fertility, and antioxidant defense systems, as well as preventing illnesses linked to deficiencies in both humans and animals. Through the integration of agricultural production and public health, selenium biofortification provides an economical, sustainable, and ecologically responsible strategy to address worldwide micronutrient deficits. But maintaining sufficient intake while avoiding toxicity through Se enrichment is still a major concern. In conclusion, selenium biofortification is a viable intervention method with broad implications for sustainable agriculture, nutrition, and food security.