О критериях выявления и стратификации булгаро-чувашских заимствований в пермских языках I / On the criteria for identification and stratification of Bulgar-Chuvash loanwords in Permic I

of the Bulghar-Chuvash type in the Permic languages. In this part, general criteria are proposed for distinguishing Bulgharic borrowings within the corpus of Udmurt and Komi words of Turkic origin. In addition, a “core” layer of Bulghar-Chuvash loanwords in Permic is outlined, which may serve as a starting point for further interpretation of the multi-layered Bulgharic-Permic contacts. The main list includes 20 words that can be assumed to have had a historically pan-Permic distribution (attested in Komi outside of the Southern Zyrian dialects, Komi-Permyak, and Komi-Yazva) and that show the most frequent reflexes of Proto-Turkic phonemes. It is shown that loanwords of this type entered Proto-Permic before it had undergone a number of sound changes characteristic of the Permic branch, from a source that may be referred to as Old Chuvash. This layer of Bulgharic-Permic connections should be dated to the 8 th –9 th centuries.