Impact of extracellular vesicles from various species of Candida fungi on the cross-species interactions with human epithelial cells

Candida species are members of the human microbiota but can become pathogenic when host homeostasis is disrupted. Among the species responsible for human fungal infections are C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and Nakaseomyces glabratus (formerly classified as C. glabrata). These fungi employ multiple strategies to colonize host niches, including phenotypic and morphological plasticity, biofilm formation in mono- or multispecies communities, secretion of virulence factors, and release of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Adhesion of fungal cells to host tissues is a critical step in the establishment and progression of infection, particularly in systemic candidiasis, and may be influenced by EV-mediated interactions. In this study, we investigated the adhesion of selected Candida species to human epithelial cells, focusing on the role of fungal EVs in cross-species interactions. Our results reveal species-specific outcomes in these interactions. We further identified the fungal adhesin Als3 and the host protein E-cadherin as key cell-surface molecules mediating interactions between cells and EVs. Overall, our findings demonstrate that fungal EVs contribute to adhesion across different Candida species and implicate specific surface proteins in this process, highlighting a conserved yet species-specific role for EVs in host–pathogen interactions.