Association of Blood Glucose Variability with Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes: A Review Study

Blood glucose variability, defined as variations in blood glucose levels over time, is increasingly recognized as asignificant factor in the pathology of diabetes complications. While chronic hyperglycemia has been linked tomicrovascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (coronaryartery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease), emerging evidence suggests that glucose variability is anindependent risk factor for these conditions. This review examined the relationship between blood glucose variabilityand the development of microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes, highlighting the underlyingmechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic approaches.