Development of G/CQDs/TiO2 Nanohybrid-Based Voltammetric Sensor for the Detection of Endocrine Disruptor Chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos (CPS) is an organophosphate pesticide classified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDCs) that has raised serious concerns due to its adverse effects on both the environment and human health. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a highly sensitive and accurate electrochemical sensor for CPS detection. In this work, we report the development of an electrochemical sensor based on G/CQDs/TiOAl for CPS determination. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were first synthesized from palm shell (Elaeis guineensis) waste via a hydrothermal method. The obtained CQDs were subsequently modified with TiOAl and graphene to form the G/CQDs/TiOAl nanocomposite. The structural, morphological, and electrochemical properties of the G/CQDs/TiOAl nanocomposite were systematically investigated using XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX, and electrochemical techniques. The proposed G/CQDs/TiOAl sensor exhibited outstanding analytical performance, with a wide linear detection range (0.10–6.00 µg/L) and an impressive limit of detection (LOD) of 0.06 µg/L. Moreover, the sensor demonstrated excellent repeatability and stability for up to four weeks with an RSD value of 0.14%, as well as remarkable selectivity against potential matrix interferences. These findings highlight the potential of the developed sensor as a portable and reliable tool for real-time monitoring of food safety and environmental contamination.