A Perspective on Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring: Bridging Emerging Principles, Enabling Technologies and Extended Applications.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading global cause of death, highlights the critical need for effective blood pressure management. Non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) monitoring, compared with invasive methods, enables home-based and long-term use, supporting early detection and continuous care. Despite significant progress, challenges remain, including accuracy issues, insufficient validation in real-world settings, limited application-specific sensor designs, and inadequate calibration standards and validation platforms. These gaps call for a systematic review to clarify the unmet needs and future research directions. This article reviews current advances in four key areas: (1) novel NIBP estimation principles designed to minimize user intervention; (2) flexible and wearable electronics that improve accuracy and comfort; (3) integration with theranostic applications and broader healthcare scenarios enabled by NIBP technologies; (4) calibration and validation strategies that enhance reliability and accuracy. With the rapid growth of home healthcare and AI-enabled wearable systems, addressing these challenges is essential to advance personalized, precise and stable cardiovascular medicine.