Citizen coproduction motivations: a systematic review and the SPIENM framework

Coproduction is essential for effective public service delivery, yet research on citizen coproduction motivations remains fragmented without a comprehensive framework. This study systematically reviewed publications from the top-ranked public policy and administration journals and developed a novel SPIENM framework. The framework categorizes motivations across three dimensions: Self-centred vs. Public-centred, Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic, and Non-material vs. Material. This results in six categories: SIN, SEN, SEM, PIN, PEN, and PEM, offering unprecedented nuance in understanding coproduction motivations. The framework advances theoretical understanding of coproduction motivations, provides a structured approach for empirical research, and offers practical guidance for designing targeted citizen engagement strategies.