Modern Concepts of Clonal Hematopoiesis and Its Clinical Significance in the Development of Hematologic Malignancies

Clonal hematopoiesis is a condition that arises as a result of the accumulation of somatic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells, leading to the emergence of clones with a proliferative advantage. Initially considered a phenomenon of aging, clonal hematopoiesis is now recognized as a key biological and clinical marker of risk for both hematologic and non-hematologic diseases. This article presents current data on the mechanisms underlying the development of clonal hematopoiesis, its molecular and genetic determinants, its role in the pathogenesis of congenital and acquired bone marrow failure syndromes, and its association with solid tumors. Understanding the dynamics of clonal hematopoiesis is crucial for early diagnosis, risk assessment of malignant transformation, and the personalization of therapy for patients with bone marrow disorders and oncologic diseases.