Effectiveness of Cognitive Interventions for Community-Dwelling Older Adults Living Alone: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive interventions in enhancing the cognitive function of community-dwelling older adults living alone.

METHODS Five databases were systematically searched for articles published until December 2024. The search identified three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and four non-RCTs, including case - control studies and quasi-experimental studies, with sample sizes ranging from 20 to 78. After risk of bias was assessed, data were synthesized using a random-effects model.

RESULTS Interventions such as robotic assistance, reminiscence therapy, animal-assisted therapy, creative therapies, and multicomponent programs significantly improved cognitive function (mean difference [MD] = 2.85 in MMSE), reduced depression (standardized MD =  -0.85), and mitigated loneliness (MD =  -10.13 in UCLA-LS). High heterogeneity was observed, attributable to diverse protocols, participant characteristics, and study designs. Attrition and confounding biases were also identified.

CONCLUSIONS Cognitive interventions can improve cognitive and psychosocial outcomes in community-dwelling older adults living alone. However, further research is required to confirm these findings.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Socially interactive cognitive interventions are a promising strategy for improving the cognitive and mental health of community-dwelling older adults living alone. Clinicians should implement these accessible interventions to improve the population's quality of life and support their independent living.